SportLogia
Vol. 8, Issue 1, June 2012.
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Marija Stanković1 and Dragan Radovanović1
1Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Serbia
EDITORIAL ARTICLE
OWERVIEV PAPER
doi: 10.5550/sgia.120801.en.001S
COBISS.BH-ID: 2933528
UDK: 616-008.9:Š577.344:546.21 COBISS.BH-ID: 2930968
Summary
The cells continuously produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species as a part of metabolic processes. Increased aerobic metabolism during exercise is a potential source of oxidative stress. Also, anaerobic physical activity and oxidative stress are interrelated because the intense anaerobic activity leads to damage proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in muscle cells and blood. Complex system of antioxidant defense, which has the enzymatic and non-enzymatic part, has a role in protecting tissues from excessive oxidative damage. Most of the research conducted so far about the impact of various forms of physical activity on levels of oxidative stress is confirmed by changes in biomarkers that indicate lipid peroxidation and proteins modification. Untrained persons, as opposed to trained, are more susceptible to major changes in the body caused by oxidative stress during physical activity. The results of researches have shown that there are no significant differences between the genders in the level of oxidative stress during physical activity and response to antioxidant supplementation possibly applied. It is interesting that, despite of numerous studies, the exact location of oxidative stress origin during physical activity has not been reliably established. In addition, research results provide insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of using antioxidant supplementation to increase the defense against oxidative stress. It is necessary further investigation about the redox status and oxidative stress during physical activity in adolescent athletes.
Key words: physical activity, oxidative stress, antioxidants.
References
Atalay, M., & Laaksonen, D.E. (2002). Diabetes, oxidative stress and physical exercise. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 1−14.
Bloomer, R. J., Cole, B., & Fisher-Wellman, K. H. (2009). Racial differences in postprandial oxidative stress with and without acute exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(5), 457−472.
Bloomer, R. J., Falvo, M. J., Fry, A. C., Schilling, B. K., & Smith, W. A. (2006). Oxidative stress response in trained men following repeated squats or sprints. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(8), 1436−1442. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000227408.91474.77 
Bloomer, R. J., Ferebee, D. E., Fisher-Wellman, K. H., Quindry, J. C., & Schilling, B. K. (2009). Postprandial oxidative stress: influence of sex and exercise training status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(12), pp. 2111−2119. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a9e832 
Bloomer, R. J., Goldfarb, A. H., & McKenzie, M. J. (2006). Oxidative stress response to aerobic exercise: comparison of antioxidant supplements. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(6), 1098−1105. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000222839.51144.3e 
Cooper, C. E., Vollaard, N. B. J., Choueiri, T., & Wilson, M. T. (2002). Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochemical Society Transactions, 30, 280−285. doi: 10.1042/BST0300280 
Cubrilo, D., Djordjević, D., Zivković, V., Djurić, D., Blagojević, D., Spasić, M., & Jakovljević, V. (2011). Oxidative stress and nitrite dynamics under maximal load in elite athletes: relation on sport type. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 355(1-2), 273−279. doi: 10.1007/s11010-011-0864-8 
; PMid: 21562799
Davies, K. J., Quintanilha, A. T., Brooks, G. A., & Packer, L. (1982). Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biomechanical and Biophysical Research Communications, 107,
1198−1205. doi: 10.1016/S0006-291X(82)80124-1 
Djordjević, D., Jakovljević, V., Cubrilo, D., Zlatković, M., Zivković, V., & Djurić, D. (2010). Coordination between Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion Radical During Progressive Exercise in Elite Soccer Players. The Open Biochemistry Journal, 4, 100−106. doi: 10.2174/1874091X01004010100 
; PMid: 21633721; PMCid: 3104555
Djordjević, D.,Cubrilo, D., Macura, M., Barudzić, N., Djurić, D. & Jakovljević, V. (2011). The influence of training status on oxidative stress in young male handball players. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 351(1-2), 251−259. doi: 10.1007/s11010-011-0732-6 
; PMid: 21264496
Dopsaj, V., Martinović, J., Dopsaj, M., Stevuljević, J. K., & Bogavac-Stanojević, N. (2011). Gender-specific oxidative stress parameters. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(1), 14−19. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1267930 
; PMid: 21086243
Finaud, J., Lac, G., & Filaire, E. (2006). Oxidative Stress: Relationship with Exercise and Training. Sports Med, 36(4), 327−358. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636040-00004 
; PMid: 16573358
Goldfarb, A. H., Bloomer, R. J., & McKenzie, M. J. (2005). Combined antioxidant treatment effects on blood oxidative stress after eccentric exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(2), 234−239. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000152887.87785.BE 
Goldfarb, A. H., McKenzie, M. J., & Bloomer, R. J. (2007). Gender comparisons of exercise-induced oxidative stress: influence of antioxidant supplementation. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 32(6), 1124−1131. doi: 10.1139/H07-078 
; PMid: 18059586
Jenkis, R. R. (2000). Exercise and oxidative stress methodology. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 670–674.
Ji, L. L. (2001). Exercise at old age: does it increase or alleviate oxidative stress? Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 928, 236−247. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05653.x 
Jones, D. P. (2008). Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology, 295(4), 849−868. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00283.2008 
; PMid: 18684987; PMCid: 2575825
Leeuwenburgh, C., & Heinecke, J. W. (2001). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Exercise. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 8, 829−838. PMid: 11375753
Martinović, J., Dopsaj, V., Kotur Stevuljević, J., & Nešić, G. (2009). Fiziološki značaj oksidativnog stresa kod vrhunskih odbojkašica ŠThe physiological significance of oxidative stress in elite volleyball players]. In V. Koprivica and I. Juhas (Eds.), International scientific conference "Theoretical, Methodological and Methodical Aspects of Competitions and Athletes’ Preparation" (pp. 365−369). Belgrade, Serbia: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, Ministarstvo omladine i sporta Republike Srbije.
Martinović, J., Dopsaj, V., Dopsaj, M. J., Kotur-Stevuljević, J., Stefanović, A. & Nešić, G. (2009). Long-term effects of oxidative stress in volleyball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(12), 851−856. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1238289 
; PMid: 20013555
Martinović, J., Dopsaj, V., Kotur Stevuljević, J., Dopsaj, M., Vujović, A., Stefanović, A., & Nešić, G. (2011). Oxidative stress biomarker monitoring in elite women volleyball athletes during 6-week training period. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(5),
1360−1367. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d85a7f 
; PMid: 21157395
Melton, C. E., Tucker, P.S., Fisher Wellman, K. H., Schilling, B. K., & Bloomer, R. J. (2009). Acute exercise does not attenuate postprandial oxidative stress in prediabetic women. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 37(1), 27−36. doi: 10.3810/PSM.2009.04.1680 
; PMid: 20048485
Neubauer, O., König, D., Kern, N., Nics, L., & Wagner, K. H. (2008). No indications of persistent oxidative stress in response to an ironman triathlon. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(12), 2119−2128. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181824dab 
Powers, S. K., & Jackson, M. J. (2008). Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Cellular Mechanisms and Impact on Muscle Force Production. Physiological Reviews, 88, 1243–1276. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2007 
; PMid: 18923182; PMCid: 2909187
Praet, S. F., & van Loon, L. J. (2009). Exercise therapy in type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetologica, 46(4), 263−278. doi: 10.1007/s00592-009-0129-0 
; PMid: 19479186; PMCid: 2773368
Radovanovic, D., Bratic, M., & Nurkic, M. (2008). Oxidative stress response in young judoists during four weeks preparation period training program. In J. Cabri, F. Alves, D. Araújo, J. Barreiros, J. Diniz, and A. Veloso (Eds.), Book of Abstracts of the 13th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science (p. 310). Estoril, Portugal: Editorial do Ministério da Educação.
Radovanovic, D., Bratic, M., Nurkic, M., Cvetkovic, T., Ignjatovic, A., & Aleksandrovic (2009). Oxidative stress biomarker response to concurrent strength and endurance training. General Physiology and Biophysics, 28(1), 205−211.
Radovanović, D., Bratić, M., Nurkić, M., Kafentarakis, I., & Kolias C. (2008). Effects of specially designed training on functional abilities and blood markers of oxidative stress in elite judo athletes. In A. Hökelmann and M. Brummund (Eds.), Book of Proceedings of the World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport VIII (pp. 393−397). Magdenburg, Germany: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität.
Radovanović, D., Jakovljević, V., Cvetković, T., Ignjatović, A., Veselinović, N., & Dondur, S. (2008). Effects of different exercise program on blood markers of oxidative stress in young women. Fiziologia, 18(3), 16−20.
Radovanović, D., & Ranković, G. (2004). Oxidative stress, stress proteins and antioxidants in exercise. Acta Medica Medianae, 43(4), 45−47.
Sacheck, J. M., & Blumberg, J. B. (2001). Role of vitamin E and oxidative stress in exercise. Nutrition, 17(10), 809−814. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00639-6 
Urso, M. L., & Clarkson PM. (2003). Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology, 189(1-2), 41−54. doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00151-3 
