SportLogia
Vol. 16, Broj 1, Decembar 2020.
PARAMETRI FUNKCIONALNIH SPOSOBNOSTI U TRČANJU – PREGLEDNO ISTRAŽIVANJE
Radosav Đukić1, Goran Bošnjak2, Vladimir Jakovljević2 i Gorana Tešanović2
1Spartamedic, Austrija
2Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Bosna i Hercegovina
PREGLEDNI NAUČNI ČLANAK
doi:10.5550/sgia.201601.se.dbjt
UDK: 796.422.012.1
Sažetak
Trčanje kao atletska disciplina iziskuje velik nivo izdržljivosti i brzinske izdržljivosti, što je u direktnoj vezi sa kardiovaskularnim i respiratornim sistemima, odnosno sa sposobnošću organizma sportiste da podnese opterećenja koja, pa se kao relevantni faktori za uspjeh trčanju navode: anaerobna snaga i maksimalna potrošnja O2, koncentracija mliječne kiseline i manjak kisika, sposobnost podnošenja stresa, visoko sposobnost koncentracije i njeno zadržavanje tokom dužeg vremena. Mnogo je istraživanja koja su se bavila izučavanjem parametara funkcionalnih sposobnosti u pokušaju nalaženja najefikasnijeg načina poboljšanja istih, a budući da je mnogo sličnih i različitih podataka o toj tematici ovaj rad je urađen sa ciljem klasifikovanja dostupnih radova domaćih i stranih autora čime bi se izveli zaključci primjenljivi kako u praksi tako i za dalja istraživanja.
Za potrebe ovog istraživanja analizirani su originalni naučni radovi koji su se bavili funkcionalnim sposobnostima kao faktorima uspjeha u trčanju na kratke, srednje i duge distance te uticajem treninga na funkcionalne sposobnosti, pronađeni na elektronskim bazama podataka - Medline, PubMed, Researchgate, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Istraživanja korištena u ovom pregledu pratila su transverzalno vrijednosti submaksimalne i maksimalne potrošnje kiseonika, energetske sisteme, vrijednosti frekvencije srca, plućnu ventilaciju, koncentraciju lakatata u krvi, kao i njhove promjene nakon longitudinalne provedbe eksperimentalnih protokola i trenažnih procesa. Budući da su prikupljena istraživanja imala premalo ispitanika različite populacije sa malom brojnošću elitnih trkača, te da nisu imala dovoljno informacija o dugogodišnjem iskustvu, nivou sportske forme, kategorijama trka, te opisa treninga i metoda, dobijanje empirijskih informacija utemeljenih na dokazima bilo je ograničeno, kao i izvedba valjanih zaključaka. Shodno navedenom, postoji potreba za više sistematskim pristupom istraživanjima i provedbi kompleksnih studija sa dovoljnim brojem trkača svih uzrasta, oba pola elitnog nivoa, te saradnja akademskih istraživača, klubova i sportista što bi omogućilo provođenje studija koje bi omogućile značajne statističke podatke, analize i interpretacije. Rezultati identifikovani u ovome pregledu pružaju polazište za buduća istraživanja koja identifikuju i kvantifikuju prediktore funkcionalnih performansi kao faktore uspjeha trčanja na kratkim, srednjim i dugim distancama.
.
Ključne riječi: maksimalna potrošnja kiseonika, koncentracija laktata, kratke distance, srednje distance, duge distance, trenažni proces
Literatura
Allen, W., Seals, D., Hurley, B., Ehsani, A., & Hagberg, J. (1985). Lactate threshold and distance-running performance in young and older endurance athletes. Journal of applied physiology, 58(4), 1281-1284.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1281[CrossRef]
PMid:3988681
Barstow, T.J., R. Casaburi & K. Wasserman (1993). O2 uptake kinetics and the O2 deficit as related to exercise intensity and blood lactate. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75, 755-762
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.755[CrossRef]
PMid:8226479
Berstajn, B. (1966). Modeling school structures. London, GBR.
Bilat, V., Lepetre, P., Heugas, A., Laurence, M., Salim, D., & Koralsztein, J. (2003). Training and bioenergetic characteristics in elite male and female Kenyan runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35(2), 297-304.
https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000053556.59992.A9[CrossRef]
PMid:12569219
Boileau, R., Mayhew, J., Riner, W., & Lussier, L. (1982). Physiological characteristics of elite middle and long distance runners. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences, 7(3), 167-172.
Bolger , R., Lyons, M., Harrison, A. J., & Kenny, I.C. (2015). Sprinting performance and resistance-based training interventions: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 29(4).1146-1156. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000720[CrossRef]
PMid:25268287
Bompa, T. (1999). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bompa, T. O. (2006). Periodizacija - teorija i metodologija treninga. Gopal, Zagreb.
Bowerman, J., Freeman, W. i Gambetta, V. (1999). Atletika. Gopal, Zagreb.
Brisswalter, J., & Legros, P. (1994). Daily stability in energy cost of running, respiratory parameters and stride rate among well-trained middle distance runners. International journal of sports medicine, 15(5), 238-241.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021053[CrossRef]
PMid:7960317
Burke, J., Thayer, R., & Belcamino, M. (1994). Comparison of effects of two interval-training programmes on lactate ande ventilatory thresholds. Br J Sports Med, (28), 18-21.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.28.1.18[CrossRef]
PMid:8044486 PMCid:PMC1332151
Carter, J. E. L., & Heath, B. H. (1990). Somatotyping -Development and application. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Cavanagh, P., & Williams, K. (1982). The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 14(1), 30-35.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198201000-00006[CrossRef]
PMid:7070254
Coetzer, P., Noakes, T., Sanders, B., Lambert, M., Bosch, A., Wiggins, T., & Dennis, S. (1993). Superior fatigue resistance of elite black South African distance runners. Journal of applied physiology, 75(4), 1822-1827.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.4.1822[CrossRef]
PMid:8282637
Conley, D., & Krahenbuhl, G. (1980). Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 12(5), 357-360.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198025000-00010[CrossRef]
PMid:7453514
Cormie, P., M. R. McGuigan, et al. (2010). "Adaptations in athletic performance after ballistic power versus strength training." Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(8): 1582- 1598.
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d2013a[CrossRef]
PMid:20139780
Costill, D.L., et al. 1985. Metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle during detraining from competitive swimming. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, 17(3),339-343.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198506000-00007[CrossRef]
Craig, I., & Morgan, D. (1998). Relationship between 800-m running performance and accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 30(11), 1631-1636.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199811000-00012[CrossRef]
PMid:9813877
Čoh, M. (1992). Atletika. Ljubljana, Fakultet za sport.
Daniels, J., & Daniels, N. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(4), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199204000-00015[CrossRef]
PMid:1560747
Daniels, J., & Oldrige, N. (1971). Changes in oxygen consumption of young boys during growth and running training. Medicine and science in sports, 3(4), 161-165.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-197100340-00004[CrossRef]
PMid:5173386
Daniels, J., Oldridge, N., Nagle, F., & White, B. (1978). Differences and changes in VO2 among young runners 10 to 18 years of age. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 200-203.
Davies, C., & Thompson, M. (1979). Aerobic performance of female marathon and male ultramarathon athletes. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 41(4), 233-245.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429740[CrossRef]
PMid:499187
Duffield, R., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2005). Energy system contribution to 1500- and 3000-metre track running. Journal of sports sciences, 23(10), 993-1002.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021963[CrossRef]
PMid:16194976
Farrell, P.A., Wilmore J.H., Coyle, F.F., Billing, J.E., Costill, D.L. (1979). Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. Med. Sci. Sports 11: 338-344.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-197901140-00005[CrossRef]
Fletcher, J., Esau, S., & Macintosh, B. (2009). Economy of running: Beyond the measurement of oxygen uptake. Journal of applied physiology, 107(6), 1918-1922. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00307.2009
https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00307.2009[CrossRef]
PMid:19833811
Foster, C., Costill, D., Daniels, J., & Fink, W. (1978). Skeletal muscle enzyme activity, fiber composition and VO2 max in relation to distance running performance. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 39(2), 73-80.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421711[CrossRef]
PMid:689010
Franch, J., Madsen, K., Djurhuus, M., & Pedersen, P. (1998). Improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 30(8), 1250-1256.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199808000-00011[CrossRef]
PMid:9710865
Fratrić, F. (2012). Osnove teorije i metodike sportskog treninga. Retrived from http://www.senta-zentasport.rs/old/reci_nauke/teorija-sportskog-treninga-fratric/osnove-teorije-i-metodike-sportskog-treninga-skripta.pdf
Gasiin, P., Costill, D., Lawson, D., Krzeminski, K., & McConell, G. (1995). Accumulated oxygen deficit during supramaximal all-out and constant intensity exercise. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 27(2), 255-263.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199502000-00016[CrossRef]
Helgerud, J. (1994). Maximal oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold and running economy in women and men with similar performances level in marathons. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 68(2), 155-161.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00244029[CrossRef]
PMid:8194545
Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., Bjerkaas, M., . . . Hoff, J. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(4), 665-671.
https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180304570[CrossRef]
PMid:17414804
Hollmann, W., Hettinger, T. (2000). Sportmedizin. Grundlarge fur Arbeit, Training und Preventivmedizin. Stutgart, New York: Schattauer Verlag.
Idrizović, K. (2013). Razlike u dinamici razvoja motoričkih sposobnosti dječaka i djevojčica. In Findak, V. (Eds.). Zbornik radova 22. Ljetna škola kineziologa Republike Hrvatske, Organizacijski oblici rada u područjima edukacije, sporta, sportske rekreacije i kineziterapije, (pp. 444-449). Zagreb: Hrvatski kineziološki savez.
Jakovljević, D., & Batričević, D. (2008). Efekti modela eksplozivne snage na razvoj motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti učenika. Sport Science, 1(1). 30-33.
Krsmanović, R. (1987). Diskriminativna analiza funkcionalnih sposobnosti kardiovaskularnog sistema, motoričkih sposobnosti i rezultata trčanja na različitim dionicama. In Berković, L. (Ed.), Zbornik radova III kongresa pedagoga fizičke kulture Jugoslavije, 155-157. Novi Sad: RS.
Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm, J., Radojević, Đ., & Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [The structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the young]. Beograd, RS: Institut za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje.
Lacour, J. R.; Bouvat, E.; Barthélémy J. C. (1990). Post-competition blood lactate concentrations as indicators of anaerobic energy expenditure during 400-m and 800-m races. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, (61), 172-176
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00357594[CrossRef]
PMid:2282899
Lourenço, T.F., Barreto Martins, L.E., Tessutti, L.S., Brenzikofer, R., & Macedo, D.V. (2011). Reproducibility of an incremental treadmill VO(2)max test with gas exchange analysis for runners. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(7), 1994-1999.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e501d6[CrossRef]
PMid:21487313
Malacko, J. i Rađo, I. (2004). Tehnologija sporta i sportskog treninga. Sarajevo.
Malousaris, G. G., Bergeles, N. K., Barzouka, K. G., Bayios, I. A., Nassis, G. P., & Koskolou, M. D. (2008). Somatotype, size and body composition of competitive female volleyball players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11, 337-344.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.11.008[CrossRef]
PMid:17697797
Mayhew, J. (1977). Oxygen cost and energy expenditure of running in trained runners. British journal of sports medicine, 11(3), 116-121.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.11.3.116[CrossRef]
PMid:922272 PMCid:PMC1859586
McArdle, W. D., & Katch, V. I. (1991). Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, and human performance. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199112000-00013[CrossRef]
McConnell, T., & Clark, B. (1988). Treadmill protocols for determination of maximum oxygen uptake in runners. British journal of sports medicine, 22(1), 3-5.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.22.1.3[CrossRef]
PMid:3370399 PMCid:PMC1478508
Morgan, D.W., Baldini, F.D., Martin, P.E. in Kohrt, W.M. (1989). Ten kilometer performance and predicted velocity at VO2max among well-trained male runners. Medicine and Scence in Sports and Exercise, 21(1), 78-83.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198902000-00014[CrossRef]
PMid:2927305
Mueller, E. (1999). Science and Elite Sport. London: E&FN Spon.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203984956[CrossRef]
Nagasawa, T. (2013). Slower recovery rate of muscle oxygenation after sprint exercise in long-distance runners compared with that in sprinters and healthy controls. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 27(12), 3360-3366.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182908fcc[CrossRef]
PMid:23604001
Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (1995). Time course of anaerobic and aerobic energy expenditure during short-term exhaustive running in athletes. International journal of sports medicine, 16(8), 522-527.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-973048[CrossRef]
PMid:8776206
Ohkuwa, T.,Kato, Y., Katsumata, K.,Nakao, T.& Miyamura, M. (1984). Blood lactate and glycerol after 400-m and 3,000-m runs in sprint and long distance runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, (53), 213-218
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00776592[CrossRef]
PMid:6542855
Pate, R., Macera, C., Bailey, S., Bartoli, W., & Powell, K. (1992). Physiological, anthropometric, and training correlates of running economy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(10), 1128-1133.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199210000-00010[CrossRef]
PMid:1435160
Peronnet, F., Thibault, G., Rhodes, E.C., McKenzie D.C. (1987). Correlation between ventilatory threshold and endurance capability in marathon runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19: 610-615.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198712000-00012[CrossRef]
Petrović, B., & Kukrić, A. (2006). Uticaj izabranog trenažnog modela na poboljšanje maksimalne brzine trčanja. Glasnik Fakulteta fizičkog vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, (2). 77-83.
Powers, N., & Corry, I. (1982). Maximal aerobic power measurement in runners and swimmers. British journal of sports medicine, 16(3), 154-160.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.16.3.154[CrossRef]
PMid:7139226 PMCid:PMC1858953
Powers, S.K., Dodd, S., Deason, R., Byrd, R. in McKnight, T. (1983). Ventilatory threshold, running economy and distance running performance of trained athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 54(2),179-182.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1983.10605291[CrossRef]
Reilly, T. (2007) The Science of Training - Soccer : A Scientific Approach to Developing Strength, Speed and Endurance. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203966662[CrossRef]
Rhodes, E.C., D.C. McKenzie. (1984). Predicting marathon times from an aerobic threshold measurements. Phys. Sportsmed. 12: 95-99.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1984.11701745[CrossRef]
Rotstein, A., Dofan, R., Bar-Or, O., and Tenenbaum, G. (1986). Effect of training on anaerobic threshold, maximal aerobic power and anaerobic performance of preadolescent boys. Int. J. Sports Med., 7 286.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025775[CrossRef]
PMid:3793338
Saltin, B., Larsen, H., Terrados, N., Bangsbo, J., Bak, T., Kim, C., . . . Rolf, C. (1995). Aerobic exercise capacity at sea level and at altitude in Kenyan boys, junior and senior runners compared with Scandinavian runners. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 5(4), 209-221.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00037.x[CrossRef]
PMid:7552766
Spencer, M., & Gastin, P. (2001). Energy system contribution during 200- to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(1), 157-162.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200101000-00024[CrossRef]
PMid:11194103
Spencer, M., Gastin, P., & Payne, W. (1996). Energy system contribution. New studies in athletic, 11(4), 59-65.
Svedenhag, J., & Sjödin, B. (1984). Maximal and Submaximal Oxygen Uptakes and Blood Lactate Levels in Elite Male Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. International journal of sports medicine, 5(5), 255-261
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025916[CrossRef]
PMid:6500792
Stoiljković, S., Ilić, N., Stefanović, Đ., Mitić, D., Mitrović, D., Popović, D., Nešić, D. & Mazić, D. (2004). Oxygen uptake at ventilatory threshold and VO2max, before and after eight weeks of endurance training. Godišnjak Fakulteta sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, (12). 83-98.
Stoiljković, S., Branković, N., Stoiljković, D., & Joksimović, A. (2005). Valorizacija "kružnog" oblika rada za razvoj dinamičke snage u nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja. Sport Mont, 6-7(III). 273-282.
Škof, B., Kropej, V.L., in Milić, R. (2002). Povezanost dimenzij sestave telesa in aerobne učinkovitosti pri otrocih med 10 in 14 let [The correlation between body composition dimensions and aerobic ability of children aged 10 to 14 years]. In R. Pišot, V. Štemberger, F. Krpač, & T. Filipčič (Eds.), Otrok v gibanju: zbornik prispevkov: proceedings (pp. 372-378). Ljubljana: Pedagoška fakulteta.
Tanaka, K. (1983). Relationship of anaerobic threshold and onset of blood lactate accumulation with endurance performance. European Journal of Applied Physiologie, 52: 51-56.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429025[CrossRef]
PMid:6686129
Taunton, J., Maron, H., & Wilkinson, J. (1981). Anaerobic performance in middle and long distance runners. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences, 6(3), 109-113.
Tončev, I. (1988). Uticaj programiranog modela trčanja na ventilacijske funkcije, motoričke sposobnosti, kognitivne i konativne osobine omladinaca. In Berković, L. (Ed.), Zbornik radova nastavnika i saradnika fakulteta Fizičke kulture u Novom Sadu, (133-144). Novi Sad: RS.
Viru, A. (1995). Adaptation in sport training. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.
Vučetić, V., Šentija, D. (2005). Doziranje i distribucija intenziteta u trenažnom procesu - zone trenažnog intenziteta. Kondicijski trening. UKTH, Zagreb 2(3) 2005. (36-42).
Vuksanović, M. (1999.) Utvrđivanje efikasnosti nastave fizičkog vaspitanja u odnosu na postignute rezultate u atletici. Doktorska disertacija. Fakultet sporta i fzičkog vaspitanja, Univerzitet Novi Sad.
Weineck, J. (2007). Optimales Training. Berlin, GER: Spitta Verlag
Citiranje članka:
Đukić, R., Bošnjak, G., Jakovljević, V., & Tešanović, G. (2020) Parametri funkcionalnih sposobnosti u trčanju – pregledno istraživanje. Sportlogia, 16 (1), 1-30.
https://doi.org/10.5550/sgia.201601.se.dbj
Primljeno: 26.05.2020.
Odobreno: 23.11.2020.
Korespodencija:
Radosav Đukić, Dr. Sci
Spartamedic, Tel.: +43 664 1330916, Beč, Austrija
E-mail:rade.djukic@chello.at
